Women Suceptability To Hiv Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(41) even their children when their life partners die. Heavenly Cross Hospital is a 240 bed degree one clinic situated in the provincial Pondoland of Eastern Cape in the old Transkei, South Africa. It serves a populace of around 50,000 around Flagstaff, Lusikisiki, Mkambathi and Bizana. There are 153 individuals from the clinic staffs. We will compose a custom article test on Ladies Suceptability To Hiv Health And Social Care Essay or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now The greater part of the provincial individuals are hapless and all things considered, infections related with destitution are winning among the individuals: TB, unhealthiness and HIV/AIDS. The hospital is isolated into various units among them is the HIV Clinic where heft of patient on the life rescuing ART move up their meds. Fig 6: Number of workers at Holy Cross Hospital, Eastern Cape. The executives 10, Professionals 56, Clerical 22, Unskilled 65 In the country network where grown-up females are the objects of cultural power like colza, local attack and most exceedingly terrible influenced by destitution, they can simply be enslaved by the harrying impacts of HIV. There are different parts that could be ascribed to the predominance of the infection among the grown-up females provincial occupants. Female venereal mutilation in spite of the fact that non a rampart in South African social orders, this could non be entirely precluded in the rustic networks where a bunch of exercises on making a trip are underreported because of hapless media inclusion. In another situation, the demonstration of masochism is other than a fuelling factor-a male predominant society. Writing REVIEW In the planetary, national and nearby reappraisals of HIV/AIDS occurrence and commonness, it has ever been that grown-up females are at higher extent. Indeed, even in the occasions of related perish, grown-up females are at the more prominent misfortune. There must be factors answerable for such properties. In a related contrasting, pre-birth specialists in South Africa have more prominent Numberss of the infection than the mean populace. Here, the ground is evident ; to be pregnant implied unprotected sex. Various reappraisals of one-year pre-birth concentrates in South Africa as directed by UNAIDS, AIDS plague update, 2009 ( hypertext move convention:/www.unicef.org/factoftheweek/index_53596.html ) the Human Sciences Research Council ( HSCR ) has ever shows a more noteworthy per centums than the national HIV/AIDS pervasiveness. This is other than the equivalent in numerous different conditions of the universe. Despite the fact that, the infection was principal found in 1981 among gay work powers in the United States of America, the dislodging in the worldview is a reason for concern. â€Å" This pandemic unfortunately stays a scourge of grown-up females. † †Michel Sidibe , Executive Director of UNAIDS. â€Å" At the terminal of 2009 it was assessed that out of the 33.3 million adults overall populating with HIV and AIDS, the greater part are grown-up females. It is proposed that 98 for every centum of these grown-up females live in creating states. The AIDS plague has alony affected grown-up females, which has been exacerbated by their capacity inside society and their natural presentation to HIV infection.A Generally grown-up females are at a more prominent danger of hetero transmittal of HIV. Organically grown-up females are twice bound to go septic with HIV through unprotected hetero intercourse than work powers. In numerous states grown-up females are less inclined to have the option to negociate elastic utilization and are bound to be exposed to non-consensual sex. Also, 1000000s of grown-up females have been in a roundabout way influenced by the HIV and AIDS pestilence. Ladies ‘s childbearing capacity implies that they need to hypothesize with issues, for example, mother-to-youngster transmittal of HIV. The obligation of thinking about AIDS patients and vagrants is other than an issue that has a more prominent outcome on grown-up females † ( Avert, 2010 ) 1. State 2001 predominance % 2002 predominance % 2003 predominance % 2004 predominance % 2005 predominance % 2006 predominance % 2007 predominance % KwaZulu-Natal 33.5 36.5 37.5 40.7 39.1 39.1 37.4 Mpumalanga 29.2 28.6 32.6 30.8 34.8 32.1 32.0 Free State 30.1 28.8 30.1 29.5 30.3 31.1 33.5 Gauteng 29.8 31.6 29.6 33.1 32.4 30.8 30.3 North West 25.2 26.2 29.9 26.7 31.8 29.0 29.0 Eastern Cape 21.7 23.6 27.1 28.0 29.5 28.6 26.0 Crocodile stream 14.5 15.6 17.5 19.3 21.5 20.6 18.5 Northern Cape 15.9 15.1 16.7 17.6 18.5 15.6 16.1 Western Cape 8.6 12.4 13.1 15.4 15.7 15.1 12.6 National 24.8 26.5 27.9 29.5 30.2 29.1 28.0 Assessed HIV commonness among pre-birth facility specialists, by state ( hypertext move convention:/www.avert.org/safricastats.htm Age Male commonness % Female commonness % 2-14 3.0 2.0 15-19 2.5 6.7 20-24 5.1 21.1 25-29 15.7 32.7 30-34 25.8 29.1 35-39 18.5 24.8 40-44 19.2 16.3 45-49 6.4 14.1 50-54 10.4 10.2 55-59 6.2 7.7 60+ 3.5 1.8 Whole 7.9 13.6 Assessed HIV commonness among South Africans, by age and sex, 2008 ( hypertext move convention:/www.avert.org/safricastats.htm ) There are diverse unmistakable highlights to the pestilence of HIV/AIDS in various social orders, yet the normal highlights comprehensively are the bigger grown-up females introduction. Anyway with regards to Africa, the common destitution, female sex offense and the disturbing in rates of colza occurrences in the country South Africa, male commanded society, joblessness, and lack of education are a portion of the overarching fortunes expanding the presentation to the infection. In the logical position, grown-up females despite everything take more prominent extent of PLWHA. The open nations of female venereal real estate parcel are more prominent than male and vaginal mucosal are all the more brittle which become simple wounded with cruel sex. For each brush of hetero intercourse, grown-up females are at more noteworthy peril of arriving at HIV ( WHO, 2010 ) . A similar standard other than applies to the spread of explicitly transmitted contaminations. Womans have been known to manage the more prominent burden. Access to data is other than another significant factor that is absent among grown-up females. Huge numbers of which are uneducated and all things considered, the Numberss of grown-up females in the spots of intensity and approval are slim. To do educated pick and cognizance regarding bar of HIV/AIDS is somewhat inadequate. â€Å" Lack of guidance and financial security influences 1000000s of grown-up females and misss, whose education degrees are all things considered lower than work powers and male childs ‘ . Numerous grown-up females, especially those populating with HIV, lose their places, legacy, possessions, bolsters and even their children when their life partners kick the bucket. You read Ladies Suceptability To Hiv Health And Social Care Essay in class Exposition models This powers numerous grown-up females to follow endurance conspires that expansion their chances of getting and disseminating HIV. Instructing misss makes them progressively equipt to do more secure se xual conclusions † ( WHO, 2010 ) . Crime percentage is another spotlight to the spread of HIV/AIDS. This demonstration of power makes grown-up females to be the objects of surges. In the neighborhood networks across South Africa, sex power is winning disposition. It was late revealed that British couple tourers were stole in the country network of Khayelitstha in Cape Town. The grown-up female was said to hold been assaulted lastly murdered by the provincial goons. The demonstration of this cultural power is only non against the neighborhood grown-up females again, it has risen above past the nearby networks. The story turned into a planetary exciting account. â€Å" A 26-year-old grown-up male has been accused of laying hold of the auto of a British pair who were honeymooning in Cape Town at the end of the week and killing the lady of the hour, constabulary said Wednesday.The grown-up male from Khayelitsha, the rambling township on the edges of Cape Town where Anni Dewani ‘s natural structure was found, was ch arged inside long stretches of being taken into constabulary detainment on Tuesday † ( Afro News 24, 2010 ) . The normal nearby put stock in South Africa is that HIV/AIDS is treatable by holding sex with virgin or individual old who has go without sex for long clasp. This is a striking variable declaring the up-flood in the colza occurrences in the state. Of class the conventional doctors ( Sangoma ) habitually times instill juvenile work powers populating with the infection to hold sex with virgin so as to be cure. Factually, South Africa has the biggest figure of PLWHA worldwide than some other state. What's more, with the nearby accept, the current situation would hold been normal. Another misnomer is the convention of grown-up females accommodation. A decent grown-up female is fairly much of the time saw by the nearby networks as accommodating to her hubby, non oppugning her hubby about his sexual life, prepared to give sex whenever without exchange and should bear numerous children. This disposition every now and again jeopardizes grown-up females life and perhaps the unborn children in situation where the grown-up male of the house participates in correspondent different sexual associations. An ongoing report in a nearby network in a South Africa neighboring state, Botswana found that 62 % of work powers have occupied with numerous sexual associations in the old three months ( New York State, 2010 ) . This is just what occurs in a state non sick celebrated for high occurrence of power against grown-up females. At that point, the situation could be far making in the country South African people group. OPERATIONAL DEFINATIONS AND HYPOTHESIS HIV/AIDS commonness is more prominent among Womans? HIV as ordinarily known is Human Immunodeficiency infection while AIDS is the terminal period of HIV contamination. Helps is Acquired Immune need Syndrome. In many occurrences, HIV disease relying upon the safe situation of the septic people can immediately make advances on AIDS in a year's clasp without clinical intervention. In any case, there were records of individuals that have lived more than 20

Understanding The Great Gatsby First Line and Epigraph

Understanding The Great Gatsby First Line and Epigraph SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There’s a motivation behind why magazines normally set up arrangements of the best first lines in the entirety of writing: book openings establish a gigantic connection with readers.How a book begins encourages us situate on the planet that the book is making. In the first place, it gives us our first thought of the storyteller, and the kind of portrayal we’re going to experience. Will it be a raspy first-individual admission? Or on the other hand a cool and disconnected third-individual perception? Second, it presents the setting, telling us where and when the story happens - which is significant for regulating peruser desires. Our opinion of two individuals kissing in tidy and legitimate Victorian England will be totally different than our opinion of a similar couple in advanced Canada. So what does the start of The Great Gatsby uncover? Peruse on for the importance of this work’s epigraph, its initial line, and its starting sections. Article Roadmap Dissecting the epigraph ofThe Great Gatsby Investigating the importance behind The Great Gatsby's first lines Understanding Nick as a storyteller from The Great Gatsby's first passages Snappy Note on Our Citations Our reference design in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're utilizing this framework since there are numerous releases of Gatsby, so utilizing page numbers would just work for understudies with our duplicate of the book. To discover a citation we refer to by means of part and section in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: start of part; 50-100: center of part; 100-on: end of part), or utilize the hunt work in case you're utilizing an on the web or eReader form of the content. The Epigraph Poem of The Great Gatsby The tale is introduced by this four-line sonnet: At that point wear the gold cap, if that will move her; If you can skip high, ricochet for her as well, Till she cry Darling, gold-hatted, high-bobbing sweetheart, I should have you! - Thomas Parke D'Invilliers To start with, let’s dissect the sonnet, and afterward we can discuss who this D’Invilliers individual is. â€Å"Then Wear the Gold Hat† In the most essential sense, the sonnet is a recommendation. We know this in light of the fact that the principal words, â€Å"then wear,† make it sound like we are hearing the center of a discussion. Somebody has been whining about his sentimental issues with a particular â€Å"she,† and the poem’s speaker is replying with certain tips on what to do. The counsel the sonnet is: make a special effort to intrigue her with your riches/status (â€Å"gold hat†), and with your derring-do (â€Å"bounce high†). Whatever you can do to stand out for her is justified, despite all the trouble in the event that she winds up prevailed upon, in light of the fact that then she will be voracious (â€Å"I must have you†). Obviously, this picture of a ‘gold-hatted, high-ricocheting lover’ is clownish, best case scenario and totally ludicrous best case scenario. The poemechoesthe novel's plot and portrayals: Gatsby’s way to deal with prevailing upon Daisy is actually that of the gold-hatted, high-bobbing sweetheart, edgy totry anything - including purchasing a mammoth house nearby and tossing week after week parties in the unclear expectation that she would appear. Putting on a cap as a method of polishing your picture is actually what Gatsby has done in embracing his â€Å"Oxford man† persona, and identifies with the manner in which he is now and then portrayed as an on-screen character or con artist. (Scratch calls Gatsby a turbaned character spilling sawdust at each pore (4.31), while owl-eye glasses party visitor thinks about Gatsby to David Belasco, a renowned theater maker in Chapter 3). Simultaneously, the away from of the picture of this darling focuses to the madness of Gatsby’s fixation and the craziness of his monomaniacal mission for Daisy’s heart. There is no respect in the methodology the sonnet suggests, as there is none in Gatsby’s also. This thought is additionally strengthened when we consider that Fitzgerald initially needed the novel to have a progressively satiric flavor (look at our article on The Great Gatsby'stitle for additional subtleties). The sonnet additionally associates with novel through the character of â€Å"she,† who subs for Daisy. It's imperative to take note of that the she in the sonnet is somebody to dazzle and prevail upon, and not somebody to get the hang of anything about. Much the same as Daisy in the novel, the sonnet's she is a prize or a goal instead of an individual. Thomas Parke D’Invilliers Learn to expect the unexpected. There is no such artist as D’Invilliers! Fitzgerald caused him to up, and made up this sonnet also. Truth be told, D’Invilliers is a minor character in This Side of Paradise, Fitzgerald’s prior novel about Princeton. In that book, the principle character becomes a close acquaintence with D’Invilliers, who is a capable artist - yet whose sonnets will in general overlook the hazardous or terrible parts of the real world. Here, the accepted name and imagined persona of this writer likewise tie into the Gatsby venture, playing into the novel's key topic of the changeability of character. James Gatz changes himself into the spectacular Jay Gatsby, andthis writer is a spread character for Fitzgerald. So,D’Invilliers depended on the Fitzgerald's mate, artist John Peale Bishop. Couldn’t the genuine guyhave composed something to be Fitzgerald’s epigraph? The Great GatsbyFirst Lines This is the means by which Chapter 1 of this novel starts: In my more youthful and progressively powerless years my dad offered me some guidance that I’ve been turning over in my psyche from that point onward. â€Å"Whenever you want to reprimand any one,† he let me know, â€Å"just recall that all the individuals in this world haven’t had the points of interest that you’ve had.† (1.1-2) Let’s take the Great Gatsby first lines separated in an assortment of ways. What We Learn About the Narrator The principal thing we make sense of is that the story will be told in the main individual (which means it’s described by a â€Å"I† voice who is a character in the story and who is available at the occasions he portrays). The second thing we see is that there is at any rate onetime move in the portrayal. Scratch is more established presently, however is thinking back on youth and a more â€Å"vulnerable† time. There are a few distinct approaches to decipher this defenselessness, particularly before we have perused further: this storyteller might be helpless against being harmed by others, to being impacted by awful environmental factors/individuals, or perhaps to taking his dad’s exhortation at face esteem. We likewise get our first piece of information into Nick’s foundation: he originates from cash, instruction, and rearing (â€Å"advantages†), which will permit him to fit in sensibly well in the old-cash East Coast world that he will experience in the novel. The Advice Given to Nick by His Father We find that Nick experiences serious difficulties associating with his dad’s guidance. It’s intriguing that he enlightens us concerning this trouble before he really discloses to us the counsel itself - as though he might want us to peruse this bit of parental knowledge with a similar inner conflict and grain of salt that he himself has. Precisely why he has been â€Å"turning it over in his mind† isn't illuminated, and again could be for an assortment of reasons: Nick may ponder when and where it’s appropriate, valuable, valid, or even whether he can really adhere to it. The â€Å"advice† from his dad appears to be extremely progressively like a burrow at Nick. The expression â€Å"whenever you want to condemn anyone† makes it sound Nick regularly makes a decision about different people’s conduct and activities without thinking about setting or conditions. This discloses to us one of his principle shortcomings - and it’s an entirely noteworthy one considering Nick will be the eyes through which we see the various characters! How Nick’s Father’s Advice Shapes How Nick Tells The Story Not at all like the novel’s epigraph, which truly is guidance on what to do, Nick’s father’s words appear to be progressively similar to either an analysis of Nick’s unfortunate propensities or even an admonition or some likeness thereof. At the end of the day, the dad's-counsel encircling account makes the novelinto a reverseAesop’s tale, where the ethical starts things out and is trailed by the story that demonstrates the standard. Fundamentally, this â€Å"advice† puts a major boundary among Nick and â€Å"all the individuals in this world† on the grounds that he has had â€Å"advantages† that they haven’t. So what are these favorable circumstances? the sort of riches that orders Nickas â€Å"old money† (we discover that the Carraways have been a noticeable family for a few ages) a feeling of profound quality and enthusiastic groundedness that Nick calls the principal tolerabilities is distributed at birth† (1.3), bombastically suggesting that he is morally above most others This implies during the remainder of the novel, this grandiosity and this propensity to excuse every other person as being second rate is something to look for in Nick’s depiction of others and occasions. Gotta love that Nick’s father is essentially similar to, â€Å"Maybe check your benefit from time to time, son.† The Novel’sFirst SixParagraphs Scratch spends the primary passages of the novel urging us to confide in him and to have confidence in his unprejudiced nature and decision making ability. Rather than propelling into the plot of the story he's going to tell, Nick rather invests a critical piece of energy clarifying his family foundation, giving us a fast bio of himself up to the point of the mid year of 1922. As it were, the initial six sections of The Great Gatsby are committed to building up Nick as both an intriguing character and a generally target storyteller. Would it be advisable for us to acknowledge all that he says at face esteem? Scratch as a Narrator The primary inquiry we need to pose to ourselves is: is Nick's first-individual storyteller dependable or inconsistent? On the one ha

How to Choose a Descriptive Essay Topic

How to Choose a Descriptive Essay TopicThe more descriptive the topic of your essay, the better it will be. It also does not matter what kind of subject matter you choose to write about; even a long and boring tale is better than none at all. If you do have a vast amount of free time on your hands, think about writing a paper about something that is very appealing to you.The simplest way to write an impressive descriptive essay is to use a powerful story. Not only can this help to make a strong first impression, but it will also compel the reader to keep reading. If you feel as though you would enjoy such a journey yourself, you will definitely find it interesting. This is particularly true if the main character in the story is someone who represents you.Since so many students use the same writing style when writing a descriptive essay, it may be a good idea to try to come up with something that is original. Having several original descriptive essay topics can help you realize that n o two are alike. In fact, this is the key to success in your writing endeavors.Always ensure that the descriptive essay topics that you choose to use are simple to understand. There is nothing worse than getting a hold of a lengthy essay because the topics were simply too difficult to follow. The people who work on these types of essays are certainly not looking for easy pages. Instead, they want straightforward topics.When looking for different descriptive essay topics, one can start off by searching for those with which you are most familiar. You may also try searching for 'descriptive essay topics'descriptive essay topics'. For example, you may use 'smart guys'intelligent girls' to better define the types of topics that you may wish to focus on in your papers.Since there are many different opportunities available for descriptive essay topics, there is never a shortage of ones to choose from. One thing to keep in mind, however, is to always be careful about the type of description s that you use. It is a good idea to avoid using slang terms or using creative wordings. By using these types of styles, you run the risk of creating an unprofessional paper.Keep in mind that many descriptive essay topics can be copied, as long as the original writer is credited. However, when you are first beginning to work on a paper, you should try to stick to topics that are already familiar to you. This is simply because, if the ideas are not new to you, it is less likely that you will forget them.When choosing the right descriptive essay topics, keep in mind that the term 'different' is not always the best way to go. While it may seem like a good idea to have a variety of topics, it may actually cause you to come across as unprofessional. Instead, it is important to keep your research topics as 'simple' as possible. There is nothing wrong with this, as long as you still create something unique and compelling.

Stillbirth Fetus Death - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5654 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract: Feto-infant mortality is increasing worldwide. Stillbirth is defined as uterofetal death at 20 weeks of gestation or greater. Stillbirths contribute as a primary factor to the growing magnitude of feto-infant mortality. The reasons for stillbirth are usually not reported. In many cases, the specific cause of fetal death remains unknown. The key risk factors include smoking, increased maternal age, being overweight, fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Even though there has been remarkable development in prenatal and intranatal care, stillbirths have been consistently increasing and remain an important problem in obstetrics and gynecology. Current research studies focus mainly on the epidemiology of stillbirths. I review the known and suspected causes of stillbirth. It also describes the recommended diagnostic tests to evaluate definite cause of stillbirth. In this paper, I also review analysis of stillbirths in the United States (US). The National Center of Health Statistics recorded 26,359 stillbirths in 2001. The number of stillbirths can be greatly reduced if the specific reasons for stillbirth are understood. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stillbirth Fetus Death" essay for you Create order Introduction: A pregnancy ending in stillbirth can be mentally devastating to a patient and her family. The most widely accepted definition of stillbirth is death of the fetus inside the uterus at 20 weeks of gestation or greater (Cartlidge et al., 1995). Much information is available on protocols for evaluating other types of postmortem examination but little work has been done on the evaluation of the causes of stillbirths (Mirlene et al., 2004). No universally followed protocol is available to guide the evaluation of stillbirths. In part because a wide variety of causes can be involved in stillbirths and it can be difficult to designate a specific cause of death. A stillbirth might result from various diseases, infections, trauma or genetic defects in the mother or fetus (Gardosi et al., 2005). In many cases, a specific reason is not known. Even though stillbirths are a serious problem, few resources have been focused on them and most obstetricians lack a sound method of evaluating of stillbirths (Petersson, 2002). In this document, I will review the accepted causes of still birth and the suggested diagnostic tests for evaluating the reason behind stillborn infants. In the year 2001 in the US, the National Center of Health Statistics recorded 26,359 stillbirths (Ananth et al., 2005). When compared to 27,568 infant deaths were reported in the same year. More than half of the stillbirths are before 28 weeks of gestation and almost 20% are close to the term. If a history of stillbirth exists then there is a 5-fold increase for subsequent stillbirth to occur. Prominent racial discrimination occurs in the rates of stillbirths. Stillbirths are almost three times more prevalent in African Americans when compared to whites (Puza et al., 2006). In 2001, the rate of stillbirths among white mothers was 5.5 per 1000 live births and 12.1 per 1000 among the black mothers. According to an analysis of U.S. vital statistics between 1995 and 1998, the increased risk of black, compared with white, stillbirths is greatest among singleton stillbirths (Puza et al., 2006). Reduction of proportion of fetal deaths at gestation of 20weeks or longer to 4.1 per 1000 live births and also reduction of fetal deaths for all racial and ethnic groups are the objectives of U.S. National Health for 2010. Categorization of Stillbirths: Different attempts were made in order to classify causes of stillbirth. Baird and his colleagues were among the first to classify the causes of perinatal death from the available clinical information. Depending on the British perinatal mortality survey, in 1958 Butler and Bonham designed a classification scheme that included the results of postmortem examinations. The most widely used is the 9 category classification system formulated by Wigglesworth and his coworkers (Wigglesworth, 1980). A new classification scheme which does not include neonatal deaths was proposed by Gardosi and his colleagues known as the ReCoDe Classification which focuses on the relevant conditions at the time of death in the uterus. It includes factors which affect the fetus followed by the factors which affect the mother (Gardosi et al., 2005). When compared with the Wigglesworth classification, a remarkable decrease in the number of unclassified stillbirth was achieved using this classification. One of the most vital aspects is to develop a proper definition of the factors that lead to death of the fetus. The basic definition for the cause of death is injury or disease responsible for a death. Froendefined cause of death in stillbirth as an event or condition of sufficient severity, magnitude, and duration for death to be expected in a majority of such cases in a continued pregnancy in the clinical setting where it was observed (Froen, 2002). When the definition of cause of death is reviewed, it is observed that only a few disorders are directly responsible for fetal death while many others are not. Causes of Stillbirth: Infection: Infections such as viral, protozoal and bacterial are linked with stillbirth. Almost 10-25% of stillbirths result from feto-maternal infections in the developed countries where as bacterial infections are common in developing countries (Goldenberg et al., 2003). Stillbirths that result from infection might be due to various factors which include direct infection, placental damage, and severe maternal illness. Usually the stillbirths in the initial weeks of gestation are linked with infection. Bacterial infections caused by Escherichia coli, group B streptococci, and Ureaplasma urealyticum are a cause of stillbirth in developed countries (Goldenberg et al., 2003). If syphilis epidemic occurs in an area then it might be the cause of a considerable proportion of stillbirths. If women come in contact with a parasite like malaria for the first time then stillbirth might be attributed to it. Toxoplasma gondii, leptospirosis, Listeria monocytogenes, Q fever, and Lyme disease are associated with the occurrence of stillbirth (Goldenberg et al., 2003). The magnitude of stillbirths due to viral infections is not known mainly due to the absence of a well defined systematic evaluation of infections in stillborn infants. The problem lies behind the fact that these viruses are difficult to culture and moreover, a positive viral serological diagnostic test identifying the DNA or RNA of the virus in the fetal tissue or placental tissue does not definitely determine that infection was the reason behind death. In most of the cases, infection is linked with stillbirth in early gestational weeks around twenty weeks. If molecular diagnostic technology (DNA and RNA polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) is utilized, it will help in diagnosis of viral infections without any error. Parvovirus B-19 appears to have the strongest association with stillbirth. According to a Swedish survey, in 8%of stillbirths B-19 PCR positive tissues were observed (Enders et al., 2004). In the United States, less than 1% of all stillbirths are reported to be due to parvovirus infection Parvovirus B19 moves across the placenta spreading the infection to fetal erythropoetic tissue resulting in fetal anemia leading to fetal death (Wapner et al., 2002). Myocardial damage may also occur due to Parvovirus B19. Here the virus directly attacks the fetal cardiac tissue. Parvovirus infection that leads to stillbirth usually occurs before 20 weeks of gestation (Wapner et al., 2002). Enteroviruses which include Coxsackie A and B, echoviruses and other enteroviruses are associated with stillbirth. Coxsackie viruses can cross the placenta and lead to villous necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, calcific pancarditis, and hydrops. Echovirus infection begins with severe maternal illness and finally ends with stillbirth. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) belongs to herpesvirus family and it is a congenital viral infection. Initially, the mother is infected and then it is transmitted to the fetus. CMV causes placental damage leading to intrauterine fetal growth restriction, but an association with stillbirth remains controversial (Goldenberg et al., 2003). Viral infections in the mother like rubella, mumps and measles are linked with stillbirth. If the vaccinations are administered on time then the proportion of stillbirths occurring due to infections can be reduced greatly. Genetics: Genetic causes are responsible for a considerable magnitude of stillbirths. 6- 12% of stillbirths attributed to genetic etiologies are due to karyotyping abnormalities. Due to the fact that in some of the cases cells cannot be cultured, karyotyping is not possible. Such factors alter the exact estimate of stillbirths resulting from chromosomal abnormalities. In stillborn fetuses which show apparent structural defects the probability of chromosomal abnormality is much higher when compared to normal stillborn fetuses. The usually focused abnormalities include monosomy X (23%), trisomy 21 (23%), trisomy 18 (21%), and trisomy 13 (8%). There are many instances where the karyotype of the stillborn is normal yet the cause of death is a genetic abnormality. Indeed, 25-35% of stillborn infants undergoing autopsy have intrinsic abnormalities (Wapner et al., 2002) .These include single malformations (40%), multiple malformations (40%), and deformations or dysplasia (20%) (Wapner et al., 2002). Almost 25% ofstillborns due to intrinsic defects show an abnormal karyotype whereas the rest of the 75% may have genetic defects which are not identifiable by the regular cytogenetic tests. This holds good for fetuses with multiple abnormalities. Single gene mutations may be responsible for death of the fetus in early weeks of development. Stillbirths in the midgestational weeks might be due to abnormal placental growth, development, or angiogenesis. Some autosomal recessive disorders including glycogen storage diseases and hemoglobinopathies have been reported as the cause of stillbirth (Wapner et al., 2002). In male fetuses, X-linked disorders may prove to be fatal. Many other genetic defects that are not recognized by the conventional cytogenetic diagnostics may lead to stillbirth. For example, conventional karyotype cannot identify chromosomal microdeletions that are linked with unexplained mental retardation. Confined placental mosaicism has also been associated with fetal growth impairment and stillbirth (Kalousek et al., 1994). Heritable Thrombophilia is another probable etiology of stillbirth.It is thought that placental infarction occurs due to thrombosis in the uteroplacental circulation leading to death. This poses concern over other thrombophilic defects and their effects on stillbirth. It is noteworthy that many heritable thrombophilias are common in normal individuals without a history of thrombosis or pregnancy loss (Rey et al., 2003). Even though many studies relate thrombophilias to fetal loss, most of the women with thrombophilias have healthy pregnancies with no lethal complications. It can be said that in the absence of any previous obstetric problems, thrombophilia will not result in stillbirth. Feto-maternal Hemorrhage: Feto-maternal hemorrhage has been linked to almost 3- 14% of all stillbirths which implies that it is responsible for a considerable number of stillbirths. Obstetric procedures such as external cephalic version and cesarean section lead to fetal maternal hemorrhage. Hemorrhage can also result due to placental abruption and/or abdominal trauma during pregnancy. Fetal maternal hemorrhage must be identified and quantitated using a proper dependable diagnostic test to attribute this reason behind the death of fetus. Hypoxia and anemia are indicators of death due to fetal hemorrhage. So, they should be confirmed by autopsy as in some normal cases too, few fetal cells can be seen in maternal blood. Maternal Features: Delayed child bearing or increased maternal age, prepregnancy obesity and stress are found to have their effects on the occurrence of stillbirth. The underlying mechanisms of action are unknown; however, with both obesity and delayed child-bearing on the rise, their importance as potential causes of stillbirth deserves greater attention (Cnattingius et al., 2002). Women whose only risk factor is being overweight have about a 2-fold increased risk of stillbirth (Nohr et al., 2005). Likewise, compared with women younger than 35 years of age, the stillbirth rate is increased 2- fold for women 35-39 years of age, and 3- to 4-fold for women aged 40 years old or olderwhereas some age-associated risk is due to higher rates of maternal complications, in uncomplicated pregnancies there may be a 50% increased risk associated only with maternal age 35 years or older (Nohr et al., 2005). Stress is a suspected cause of stillbirth which might occur as a result of a major life event (such as loss or poverty) (Huang et al., 2000) or through unexplained health changes related to adverse childhood experiences (Hillis et al., 2004). Different exposures are attributed to stillbirth. One of the most prevalent and preventable cause of stillbirth is cigarette smoking (Hillis et al., 2004). Smoking negatively affects fetal growth and oxygen supply to the tissues as it produces high levels of carboxyhemoglobin and decreases blood supply to the placenta. Smoking is also associated with increased risks of placenta previa and placental abruption and women who stop smoking in the first trimester have stillbirth rates equivalent to women who never smoked which indicates that quitting smoking in early pregnancy may significantly reduce the chances of occurrence of stillbirth (Hillis et al., 2004). A variety of complications result due to continuous exposure of different recreational drugs. Consumption of cocaine during pregnancy is also linked with stillbirth because it causes fetal growth restriction and/or abruption. The use of meth amphetamines leads to premature deliveries and stunted growth but its association with stillbirth remains unknown. In some cases, alcohol consumption during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of stillbirth (Mary et al., 2006). According to a study in Scandinavia, for women who consume less than 1 drink per week, the rate of stillbirth is 1.37 per 1000 births while the rate increases to 8.83 per 1000 births in women who consume 5 drinks or more per week. If smoking habits, caffeine intake, prepregnancy body mass index, marital status, occupational status, education, parity, and fetal gender are considered, the risk of stillbirth for women consuming 5 drinks or more per week was 2.96 (95% confidence interval 1.37 to 6.41) (Mary et al., 2006). Some studies show a protective effect on both stillbirth and fetal growth restriction rates if small amounts of alcohol are consumed during pregnancy (Mary et al., 2006). A link between pesticide exposure and stillbirth was observed by Pastore and his colleagues in 1997. Occupational exposures prove to be deleterious compared to residential exposure because the occupational exposures cause congenital abnormalities in addition to risk of stillbirth. A noteworthy fact is that the use of fertility drugs is also associated with stillbirths. This finding is problematic due to the fact that many women make use of fertility treatments to conceive. However, data on stillbirths due to exposures is obtained from retrospective studies which are prone to bias. The link between exposures and stillbirth should therefore be dealt with great attention and care. Maternal Diseases: Diabetes: There is always an increased danger of stillbirths in second and third trimester for mothers who are affected with type I or type II diabetes mellitus (DM) pregestationally. Even with modern obstetric care and diabetes management, stillbirth rates in women with type 2 DM have been reported to be 2.5-fold higher than nondiabetic women (Mary et al., 2006). The rate of stillbirth is the same between women with gestational diabetes (GDM) as well as normal women when the whole population is taken into account. The magnitude of danger involved with fetal death in women with type II DM is identical to women with GDM who in fact entered the pregnancy with undiagnosed type II DM. Therefore, women with GDM who have an undiagnosed type II DM are usually at a greater danger of encountering stillbirth. Examples of women with undiagnosed type II DM include history of GDM in previous pregnancies, high fasting glucose values;random glucose values greater than 200mg/dL or diagnosis of GDM early in pregnancy. The reason behind fetal death in late gestation in diabetic women is not known precisely. In addition to an increased risk of fetal death in diabetic women, there also exists a higher magnitude of danger associated with fetal abnormalities in these women compared to healthy women. Stress, hypertension and obesity complement each other in DM patients. In women with DM, there is a higher risk of stillbirth as it may lead to fetal abnormalities which may be either abnormally increased growth rate or retarded growth. To maintain the physiological range of the plasma glucose level, tremendous amounts of insulin is produced by the fetus resulting in fetal hyperglycemia. This fetal hyperglycemia is acquired from maternal hyperglycemia which finally results in fetal death due to excessive growth. The precise limit of plasma glucose level which poses a threat to the fetal life is not well defined. The most that could be done is to detect and deal with it using needed medications to lower the incidents of stillbirths.Many other maternal diseases have been linked to stillbirth, including thyroid disease, cardiovascular disease, asthma, kidney disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus (Simpson, 2002). These are subclinical diseases which in many cases has not been proven to be direct causes of stillbirth and women had normal pregnancies giving birth to healthy babies. Multiple Gestation and Stillbirth: Nearly 3% of all births and 10% of all stillbirths result from multiple pregnancies. According to national vital statistics, 1.8% of twin, 2.4% of triplet, 3.7% of quadruplet, and 5.6% of quintuplet fetuses suffered intrauterine fetal deaths (Salihu et al., 2003). The stillbirth rate among singleton pregnancies is approximately 0.5%. The reason behind fetal death in multiple pregnancies is difficult to be resolved when compared to singleton pregnancies. The broad causes of fetal death in multiple pregnancies include fetal growth retardation, preclamsia, abruption and cord accidents. It is vital to determine the chorionicity of multiple gestations as the rate of stillbirth is higher in monochorionic multiple gestations (Salihu et al., 2003) (Lynch et al., 2007). Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is an essential aspect in the occurrence of multiple pregnancies and stillbirth (Helmerhorst et al., 2004). Complications in Fetus: Fetal Growth Restriction: Some stillbirths result from fetuses which are smaller for a particular gestational age (SGA) compared to normal fetuses. Birth weight and risk of stillbirth are inversely proportional. If one increases, the other decreases. The main fact behind stillbirths in this condition is retardation of fetal growth and not the small size of fetus. An obstacle that occurs in determining the precise time of death of fetus due to SGA is the fact that the death might have occurred a long time before but the gestational age at the time of delivery is considered to be the time of death. This gives a false implication of the magnitude of stillbirths resulting from SGA. This problem can be solved by analysis of early and mid pregnancy placental hormones which are very specific for gestational periods (Smith et al., 2004). An evaluation of the amounts of these hormones relates directly to the time of death. Umbilical Cord Accidents: An increased number of stillbirths are due to accidents of umbilical cord like cord occlusion or blockage due to true knots, nuchal cords and compression of the cord. In almost 30% of normal healthy infant deliveries, nuchal cord and true knots in umbilical cords are observed. According to a study in Sweden, 9% of stillbirths were due to cord accidents (Petersson, 2002). Determination of cord accidents leading to fetal death by autopsy is smaller in proportion (up to 2.5%) (Horn et al., 2004). This difference indicates that in the absence of a proper cause, many times fetal death is attributed to cord entanglement. Due to the increased load of complications with live infants, little concern is expressed towards dead fetuses. In order to precisely relate a fetal death to cord accident, a clear indication of either hypoxic tissue injury or cord occlusion must be observed in autopsy. As nuchal cords are observed in normal deliveries also, the exact proportion of stillbirths due to cord accidents is biased. Obstetric Complications: Some of the obstetric complications are preclampsia, preterm premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor, cervical insufficiency, abruption, placenta previa, and vasa previa. These may either be direct or primary causes or may be indirect or secondary causes of stillbirth. Almost 10-19% of stillbirths occur due to abruption. Since cervical insufficiency or preterm labor lead to neonatal death, their role in causing stillbirth is not well defined. Evaluation of Stillbirth Stillbirth in itself may be emotionally devastating to many patients and their families. There the likelihood of carrying out genetic testing or autopsy on the fetus may not be readily agreeable from the family and culture. Lastly the procedures for evaluation must be cost effective and within reach. The two important facts that should be kept in mind while deciding which tests would prove as the most useful ones are primarily the consideration of cost of that test. It should not be beyond limits. Secondarily, if this test would be helpful in prevention of recurrent or sporadic stillbirths. In recurrent stillbirths, medical interference may prove helpful by preventing them in future. Analyzing the etiology of sporadic stillbirths might lead to reassurance and avoid irrelevant diagnostic tests in future pregnancies. The single most useful diagnostic test is a fetal autopsy (Peterson et al., 1999). Not only does the visible genetic and structural abnormalities but also an autopsy would be of great help in relating specific etiologies to stillbirth. The frequency of fetal autopsy is very less due to the fact that it is costly, not many trained pathologists are available and also it may be of great discomfort to the family and clinicians to deal with such a case. If autopsy is refused, partial autopsy or postmortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans may provide the necessary data. Embryonic membranes, placenta and umbilical cord must be physically and histologically examined while evaluating stillbirth etiology. This would give a precise cause of fetal death and might also provide clues for death due to secondary causes like infections, thrombophilia, and anemia. In most cases, families do not object on placental evaluation. In the cases where autopsy is not performed karyotyping the fetus would prove helpful. Cells and tissues from placenta (especially chorionic plate), fascia lata, skin from the nape of the neck, and tendons can be isolated and cultured and used for diagnostic tests like karyotyping. Comparative genomic hybridization shows tremendous promise for the identification of chromosomal abnormalities in stillbirths wherein fetal cells cannot be successfully cultured (Silver et al., 2006). An autopsy followed by a careful histological examination might help in relating stillbirths that result due to infections from the bacteria or virus. Parvovirus serology may be useful because this virus has been implicated in a meaningful proportion of cases (Erik et al., 2002). Diagnostic tests are performed for the detection of syphilis also since it contributes to the list of accepted causes of stillbirth. For various viral and protozoal agents like toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) {TORCH}, serological screening is carried out. For bacterial and viral infections in the fetus, nucleic acid based tests are more helpful when compared to tissue cultures. Feto-maternal hemorrhage can be detected using Kleihauer Betke test (KBT). Most laboratories use manual KBT which is prone to error. It has been found that flow cytometry is a better tool in detecting fetal erythrocytes in maternal blood. In order to eliminate red cell alloimmunization as an etiology of stillbirth, an indirect Coombs test is performed. Autopsy and examination of placenta are helpful in this situation. During the initial prenatal visits, if the antibody screen comes out to be negative then there is a need for recurrent testing. Diagnostic tests for conditions like diabetes and heritable thrombophilias must be carried out on a regular basis to prevent any complications which may lead to stillbirth. The treatment of such conditions at the appropriate time may prevent similar complications in subsequent pregnancies. Heritable thrombophilia might be of concern in the cases where there is recurrent fetal loss or there is a history of thrombosis or with complications involving placental insufficiency like placental infarction and intrauterine growth restriction. Administration of illicit drugs through various modes may be a cause of stillbirth in many cases. Toxicological examination may reveal the results for women who are subjected to such exposures. A simple urinary examination may prove helpful. The advanced and cost effective technology like ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) can be used to detect a variety of metabolites like steroids in various tissues like blood, hair, and homogenized umbilical cord. Conclusion: Many medical and nonmedical agents govern the best approach to evaluate a stillbirth. The obstacles faced by obstetricians in solving these issues include the fact that in most of the cases the reason behind fetal death is unknown. Also the magnitude of stillbirths resulting from a single cause is not known precisely. Here there arises a need for population based studies to attribute stillbirths to their specific etiologies. There is a clear cut need of experts in the field of perinatal pathology and the required funding should be provided at the national level to promote it. Moreover, the clinician should be aware of the history of pregnant women in better evaluation. In cases where the local clinicians cannot reach a conclusion, the tissue samples must be sent to senior pathologists who have a thorough command on the subject and can help in reaching decisive conclusions. A universally accepted protocol is required for a systematic evaluation of stillbirths. Due to its absence a difference of opinion occurs among the obstetricians and gynecologists. The institutions like Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network should formulate guidelines for the proper judgement of stillbirth etiologies. The responsibility lies in the hands of the clinicians to do the best they can to reach a definite conclusion from the available data. It is noteworthy that the proportion of stillbirths that are explained is much higher in centers using systematic evaluations for recognized causes and potential causes of stillbirth (Petersson, 2002) (Horn et al., 2004). In conclusion, autopsy, placental evaluation, karyotype, Kleihauer-Betke, antibody screen, and serologic test for syphilis are useful in evaluating the etiologies of stillbirth. Depending on the case, other relative tests should be performed. The approach towards the testing of potential causes of stillbirth is not clear if it should be very specific and sequential or should it be comprehensive which means that it is targeted towards a broad spectrum of causes. Each of these has its own advantage. Sequential testing avoids false positive results and is directed to a specific cause and more over, it is cost effective. Comprehensive testing may prove helpful in cases where more than one factor is responsible for stillbirth. The problem with autopsy, placental evaluation, karyotype, screen for fetal-maternal hemorrhage, and toxicology screen is that they are dependant on time, that is, these tests should be performed immediately after the delivery. Autopsy cannot be delayed because death of the fetus already occurred and this would lead to physiological changes in the whole body and decay begins. The necessary evidence for stillbirth is easily available from fresh samples of placenta and also for toxicology screen. As the time since death increases, the physiology of fetus also changes leading to false positive or false negative results. If the time of fetal examination is delayed, fetal hemorrhage may be mistaken for postmortem lividity. Therefore a serious call for action is expected from institutions like Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network (SCRN) which would help in creating the most applicable diagnostic setting for evaluation of stillbirth (Silver et al., 2006). SCRN was developed by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to target the range of etiologies of stillbirth in the U.S. The aim of SCRN is to focus on the following objectives. The use of standardized surveillance in a geographic catchment area will show that the stillbirth rates are greater than those reported in the vital statistics catchment. The use of a prospectively implemented, standardized, postmortem, and placental examination protocols will improve diagnosis of fetal or placental conditions that cause or contribute to stillbirth. Maternal biologic and environmental risk factors in combination with genetic predisposition increase the risk for stillbirth. This is a population based study which is carried out in different counties of different states in the U.S. This study would take into account all the stillbirths and live births occurring in rural as well as urban areas in different racial groups. Even though occurrence of stillbirths cannot be stopped completely, yet attempts of such sort can be made atleast to prevent them to a maximum extent. Glossary Abruptio placenta totalis A placental abruption is a serious condition in which the placenta partially or completely separates from the uterus before the baby is born. Achondrogenesis Dwarfism characterized by various bone aplasias and hypoplasias of the extremities and a short trunk with delayed ossification of the lower spine. Alloimmunization Development of antibodies in response to alloantigens; antigens derived from a genetically dissimilar animal of the same species. Angiogenesis The formation of new blood vessels. Anomaly abnormality Autosome a chromosome other than the X and Y sex-determining chromosomes. Camptomelia bending of the limbs that produce a permanent curving or bowing. Cholestasis a condition caused by rapidly developing or long-term interruption in the excretion of bile (a digestive fluid that helps the body process fat). Chondrodysplasia Congenital dwarfism similar to but milder than achondroplasia, not familial and not evident until mid-childhood, in which the skull and facial features remain normal. Chorioamnionitis Inflammation of the fetal membranes. Dystocia Difficult delivery or parturition. Erythema infectiosum mild infectious disease occurring mainly in early childhood, marked by a rosy-red maculopapular rash on the cheeks, often spreading to the trunk and limbs. Fever and arthritis may also be present. Erythropoetic production of red blood cells. Fascia lata the deep fascia of the thigh. Hydrops excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissues or cavities of the body. Isoimmunization The development of specific antibodies as a result of antigenic stimulation using material derived from the red blood cells of another individual of the same species. Iatrogenic Induced in a patient by a physicians activity, manner, or therapy. Leptospirosis a febrile disease (fever) caused by infection with the bacteria Leptospira interrogans. Lividity discoloration of dependent parts by gravitation of blood. Monochorionic a single chorion. Neoplasia formation of new tissue. Oligohydramnios Deficiency in the amount of amniotic fluid. Placental mosaicism abnormal chromosomes in some or all placental tissue but not the fetus. Placental infarction blockage of blood circulation to the placenta resulting in tissue death. Polyhydramnios excess of amniotic fluid. Polysplenia multiple small accessory spleens. Preclamsia narrowing of blood vessels. Systemic lupus erythematosus a disease where a persons immune system attacks and injures the bodys own organs and tissues. Thrombophilia disorder of the hemopoietic system in which there is an increased tendency for thrombosis (blood clots). Vasa Previa condition in which fetal intramembranous blood vessels traverse the fetal membranes across the lower segment of the uterus between the fetus and the cervical opening. Velamentous Resembling a veil in shape and composition. References Cited: Ananth CV, Liu S, Kinzler WL, Kramer MS. Stillbirths in the United States, 1981-2000: An age, period, and cohort analysis. Am J Public Health 2005;95:2213-7. Cartlidge PH, Stewart JH., Effects of Changing the Stillbirth Definition on Evaluation of Perinatal Mortality Rates, ncbi, 346(8973): 486-8, 1995. Cnattingius S, Stephansson O. The epidemiology of stillbirth. Semin Perinatol 2002; 26:25-30. Enders M, Weidner A, Zoellner I, Searle K, Enders G. Fetal morbidity and mortality after acute human parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy: prospective evaluation of 1018 cases. Prenat Diagn 2004;24:513-8. Erik D.H.and Kevin E. B. Human Parvovirus B19. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, July 2002, p. 485505 Faye-Petersen OM, Guinn DA, Wenstrom KD. Value of perinatal autopsy. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:915-20. Frans M H, Denise A M P, Diane D and Marc J N C K, Perinatal outcome of singletons and twins after assisted conception: a systematic review of controlled studies, BMJ 2004;328;261-; Fren J F, Sudden intrauterine unexplained death, Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo No. 67, ISBN 82-8072-041-3, 2002. Gardosi J, Kady SM, McGeown P, Francis A, Tonks A. Classification of stillbirth by relevant condition at death (ReCoDe): population based cohort study. BMJ 2005;331:1113-7. Goldenberg RL, Thompson C. The infectious origins of stillbirth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:861-73. Hillis SD, Anda RF, Dube SR, et al. The association between adverse childhood experiences and adolescent pregnancy, long-term psychosocial consequences, and fetal death. Pediatrics 2004;113:320-7. Horn LC, Langner A, Stiehl P, Wittekind C, Faber R. Identification of the causes of intrauterine death during 310 consecutive autopsies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 113:134-8. Huang DY, Usher RH, Kramer MS, et al. Determinants of unexplained antepartum fetal deaths. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:215-21. Kalousek DK, Barrett I. Confined placental mosaicism and stillbirth. Pediatr Pathol 1994; 14:151-9. Lynch A, McDuffie R Jr, Lyons E, Chase M, Orleans M, Perinatal Loss Among Twins The Permanente Journal/ Winter 2007/ Volume 11 No. 1 Mary C M M, Kate M F, Jaron A B, Pat D, Jo M, Dominique A, Shona G and Alison M, Perinatal mortality and congenital anomalies in babies of women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: population based study. BMJ 2006;333;177-; Mirlene C.S.P., Francy R.S., Marcial F. G., Antonio F. M., Evaluation of a Protocol for Postmortem Examination of Stillbirths and Neonatal Deaths with Congenital Anomalies, Journal of Pediatric and Developmental Pathology, Vol 7, Number 4/ April,2004. Nohr E A, Bech B H, Davies M J, Frydenberg M, Henriksen T B and Olsen J. Prepregnancy Obesity and Fetal Death. (Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:2509) Pastore LM, Hertz-Picciotto I, Beaumont JJ. Risk of stillbirth from occupational and residential exposures. Occup Environ Med 1997;54:511-8. Petersson K. Diagnostic evaluation of fetal death with special reference to intrauterine infections. [Dissertation]. Stockholm Sweden: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology; 2002. Puza P. Sharma, Hamisu M. Salihu, Yinka Oyelese, Cande V. Ananth, and Russell S. Kirby. Is Race a Determinant of StillbirthRecurrence? (Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:3917) Rey E, Kahn SR, David M, Shrier I. Thrombophilic disorders and fetal loss: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2003;361:901-8. Salihu HM, Aliyu MH, Rouse DJ, Kirby RS, Alexander GR. Potentially preventable excess mortality among higher-order multiples. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:679-84. Silver RM, Varner MW, Reddy U, Goldenberg R, Pinar H, Conway D, Bukowski R, Carpenter M, Hogue C, Willinger M, Dudley D, Saade G, Stoll B, Work up of stillbirth: A review of evidence, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007 May;196(5):433-44. Simpson LL. Maternal medical disease: Risk of antepartum fetal death. Semin Perinatol 2002;26:42-50 Smith GC, Crossley JA, Aitken DA, et al. First-trimester placentation and the risk of antepartum stillbirth. JAMA 2004;292:2249-54. Wapner RJ, Lewis D. Genetics and metabolic causes of stillbirth. Semin Perinatol 2002;26:70-4. Wigglesworth JS. Monitoring perinatal mortality. A pathophysiological approach. Lancet, 1980;2:684-6.

Magical Realism in Gabriel Garcias A Very Old Man with...

Magical Realism in Gabriel Garcias A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings A Very old Man with Enormous Wings (1955) is a short story by Garbriel Garcia Marquez, a Latin American author. This story contains many elements of Magical Realism, such as having one fantastic element while being reality based, having a deeper meaning, and having no need to justify or explain events or human actions. The magical elements in this story are the old man (that is assumed to be an angel) and the girl who was turned into a spider because she disobeyed her parents. The angel is the element in Magical Realism that discovers the mysterious parts in life. Most people believe in supernatural beings like angels. Angels are usually thought of as†¦show more content†¦It shows how one would normally react to something different and strange. The characters reactions differ. The parents, Peylo and Elisenda were afraid and upset when they saw the old angel. They assumed he was coming to take their baby since it had been sick. The crowds reaction was complete curiosity. They never doubted that the man was not an angel, but they did want to see him for themselves. No one questioned the way that the angel was being treated by the crowd or Peylo and Elisenda, either. As a matter of fact, the wise neighbor wanted Peylo and Elisenda to club him to death. The author, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, write with the attitude that it would be perfectly normal to be walking back towards ones house after getting rid of some crabs and seeing an angel. He did offer some explanation to the sudden appearance of the angel. The explanation was that the angel was coming to get the baby but the hard rains knocked him down into the mud. The problem that was caused by the angels appearance was that the crowds overwhelmed the area where he was staying. Because they were nosy and pushy, there was more mistreatment in store for him. At one point in the story, the crowd threw stones at him, threw food at him, plucked out his feathers, and burned his side with an iron for branding steers (527). At the end of the story, Elisenda kept on watching [him fly away] until it was no longer possible to see him, because then he was noShow MoreRelatedA Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesGabriel Marquez Garcia’s short story, â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings,† is a children’s story about a fallen angel and the tribulations and humiliations he endures to finally be able to repair his wings and fly back to the divine. It was published in 1955, and it is categorized in the â€Å"magical realism† for it takes place in a real world where magic is possible. For me the author made the angel to represent Jesus Christ, because it shows a humble man, devoid of power, naked luxuries that came

Understanding A Data Breach - 1111 Words

Understanding a Data Breach Ten years ago business professionals were grappling with the decision of whether to implement cloud computing into their organizations. Today, we no longer have the luxury of â€Å"If† we will embrace the new technology but rather â€Å"How† we will make it as safe as possible. The Article In his November 2013 article published in Business Finance Magazine, â€Å"The Real Security Risks of Running Finance Apps in the Cloud†, Ramesh Rajagopal suggests that the real threats with cloud computing fall into two main categories, data compromise through exploit and data compromise through user misstep. Data Compromise through Exploit Rajagopal maintains that the very nature of browsers themselves lends itself to exploitation.†¦show more content†¦These computers would only be used for one purpose for example accessing a company’s banking portal. I find this theory to be impractical at best. Most companies that are leveraging cloud services are doing so for the benefit of ease of use. Larger companies often have employees or consultants working off-site or in multiple locations. Accountants and executives are increasingly pushing to be able to access their data at any time, from anywhere, using any device. Data Compromise through User Misstep Rajagopal does not cover the topic of BYOD extensively in his article. â€Å"In the consumerization of IT, BYOD, or bring your own device, is a phrase that has become widely adopted to refer to employees who bring their own computing devices – such as smartphones, laptops, and PDAs – to the workplace for use and connectivity on the secure corporate network.† (Beal, 2014) This can cause increased security risks as there is no way for corporate IT to insure that the traditional protections methods are up to date and functioning properly or even installed at all. While it may be cost effective to allow employees to furnish their own

New York Yankees free essay sample

Ever since they became an official organization in 1903, the New York Yankees have established themselves as one of the world’s top sport organizations. As a Major League Baseball team, they have historically achieved the ultimate goal of winning the World Series and have gained fans and profit in the process. With thirty-one different managers, the Yankees have won a total of twenty-six World Series and have built a fan base across the globe (â€Å"New†, 2008). Nowadays, the organization even makes yearly revenue close to 300 million dollars (Cohen, 2007). I chose this organization because I believe that their structure and management style is the definition of success. I will apply most of the methods and concepts from the book and from class to the Yankees, and I will discuss why I consider them to be one of the world’s greatest sport organizations today. First, when analyzing the New York Yankees from a managerial perspective, it is important to consider the structure and management style of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on New York Yankees or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, the New York Yankees have three levels of managers: the owner or executive manager who monitors the business environment (George Steinbrenner), the general manager or middle manager who negotiates and controls player transactions (Brian Cashman), and the field manager or first-line supervisor who supervises individuals within the organization (Joe Girardi). For them to be successful, all of these parts need to work together and form a systems-based organization. In this open system, where everything is â€Å"relatively open to the influences of the environment in which it lives† (Chelladurai, 2005), Steinbrenner is able to react to the goals, structures, and processes of the organization, as well as employers, customers, and so forth. Even though the Yankees did not make the playoffs this year, it is easy to see how the system is successful. All of the managers perform certain tasks, some of which include planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating. Each of these levels do these things for different time frames. When discussing the roles of the Yankee managers, it is important to note that all of them have been successful. Brian Cashman has a large decisional role because he has to make the correct decisions for the fans to be content and the team to win. Back when the Yankees won several consecutive championships in the ‘90s, Joe Torre (field manager) was a leader of the team with excellent human skills. He was able to interact with his players in a way that allowed them to perform at or above their potential, and he also had an incredible amount of knowledge for the types of players he needed to succeed. The owner and general manager had good technical and conceptual skills because it was important that they plan, evaluate, and organize the formation of a successful organization. They had to evaluate the existing organization, plan what players to trade for, and organize the business matters. I know that the organization’s main goal is to win national championships, but they also want to be effective and efficient in doing so. When the owner George Steinbrenner goes out and gets all-star caliber players to win the American League East division and the World Series, he has to pay a lot of money in order to attract them to his team. In terms of being a successful leader, it is obvious that George Steinbrenner â€Å"exerts influence in a way that achieves the organization’s goals by enhancing the productivity and satisfaction of the work force† (Chelladurai, 2005) because he is trying to achieve his goals by getting the best players in the league and making his team more productive. It has been known that George Steinbrenner spends the most money on his players in the league, so the efficiency of the team is minimized even though they have the largest fan base out of any organization. The effectiveness, however, in drawing the support of fans, emotionally and economically, is maximized, since the people want to see the best teams with the best athletes play. In 2004, â€Å"by the completion of the season, which saw Joe Torre at its helm for his ninth season, the New York Yankees had set a new team record for largest team attendance thanks to 3,775,292 loyal fans who attended home games at Yankee Stadium† (â€Å"New†, 2008). You can see here how popular the organization has become, and I can only imagine how much more money it can make in the future. In conclusion, I have analyzed an organization that I felt would help me understand the concepts and methods that are associated with sport management. Based on the structure and personnel of the New York Yankees baseball club now and in the past, I classify it as being one of the world’s most successful organizations. This statement can only be judged by the results that have accompanied the Yankees ever since its inception, twenty-six championships and a world-wide fan base.

Mary Shelley And Frankenstein Essays - Romanticism, Mary Shelley

Mary Shelley And Frankenstein Godwin Shelley was the only daughter of William Godwin and Mary Wollenstonecraft, a quite dynamic pair during their time. Mary Shelley is best known for her novel Frankenstein: or The Modern Prometheus, which has transcended the Gothic and horror genres that now has been adapted to plays, movies, and sequels. Her life though scattered with tragedies and disgrace, was one of great passion and poetry, which I find quite fascinating, but not desirable. Shelley's other literary works were mildly successful their time, but are little known today. Her reputation rests, however, on what she once called her "Hideous Progeny," Frankenstein. To understand her writing you must first know her background starting from her parent's lives prior to her birth. Her mother, Mary Wollenstonecraft an early feminist, who, in1792, published A Vindication of the Rights of Man. This was an excellent book that showed Mary W. was way ahead of her time. Two years later she had an illegitimate child Fanny Imlay by the American industrialist Gilbert Imlay. After her failed relationship with Imlay, Wollenstonecraft met the political philosopher and novelist William Godwin in 1796. Five months into her next pregnancy with Mary, she and William decided to marry to ensure their child's legitimacy even though they were both opposed to the institution of matrimony. They were married on March 29, 1797 at St. Pancras church in London. Their daughter Mary Godwin (later Shelley) was born on August 30, 1779. Her mother died ten days later of infections and complications from her delivery, despite expert attention. It was said by certain religious writers that " It was not unfitting that Mary Wollenstonecraft should die in childbirth, a suitably primitive punishment for one who presumed to challenge the ordained place of women in society ." Such a thing would be said probably because that same year (1798) Godwin published Memoirs of the Author of "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" which revealed Mary Wollenstoncraft's extra martial affairs (including their own) and her suicide attempts. Godwin was widely criticized for this publication, and Wollenstonecraft's influence drastically diminished for years to come. Mary Shelley's father remarried in 1801 to his neighbor, the widowed Mary Jane Claremont, who brought two children to the Godwin household, Charles and Claire Claremont. A fifth sibling was added in 1803 with the birth of William Godwin, Jr. Like other girls, Mary was educated at home, in spite of her own mother's persuasive arguments for the institutionalized education of girls in The Rights of Woman. So, she absorbed the intellectual atmosphere created by her father and many of England's leading writers and thinkers, including the poet and philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge, scientists like Humphry Davy, and her father's dear friend William Nicholson. Importantly, Davy and Nicholson were the two foremost experimenters with galvanic electricity in the early nineteenth century who later had a noticeable impact on the writing of Frankenstein. Mary's reading included popular gothic novels like William Beckford's Vanthek (1786) as well as books by her own mother, whom she idolized. At the age of ten Mary had her first experience with publication, when the Juvenile Library printed her witty poem, Mounseer Nongtonpaw: or, The Discoveries of John Bull in a Trip to Paris. By 1812 it was in a fourth edition. In 1812, when she was fourteen, Mary was exposed to yet another broadening influence. That year when, in order to distance Mary from the stepmother whom she resented and disliked, Mary's father sent her on an extended vacation to the Baxter family in Dundee, Scotland. She stayed there from June to November of 1812 and, again, from June 1813 to March of 1814, developing a strong friendship to the Baxter's teenage daughter Isabel, who became her first close friend. Shortly after her return to the family home, she became reacquainted with her father's youthful admirer, Percy Bysshe Shelley, whom she first met in the company of his wife Harriet in November of 1812. Now, he became a frequent visitor to the Godwin household, and the two of them (although not attracted to one another at first) fell in love. At the time, Shelley was twenty-two and he and his wife were expecting their second child. But like Godwin and Wollenstonecraft, Percy and Mary felt ties of the heart outmoded legal ones. In July 1814, one month away from her seventeenth birthday, Mary and Percy along with Claire eloped to the continent. They continued on to Switzerland, Holland, and Germany. During this time, Mary kept a journal of their escapades, which she turned into a

Typical Mistakes in Speech Writing

Typical Mistakes in Speech Writing The most typical mistakes in speech writing include writing long sentences, using words that are not spoken well, and underestimating the amount of time needed to present the information. The first of the typical mistakes in speech writing comes from the habit that develops during college to combine a great deal of information into little spaces – often creating long sentences attached to one-another through the words â€Å"however,† â€Å"in addition,† or â€Å"therefore.† The best thing to do is check your paper and remove all of those words, and remove the word â€Å"and† and make a second sentence out of the information that those words were connecting. The second of the typical mistakes in speech writing involves use of words that are not spoken well. While writing, read aloud the words you are using and make certain you are comfortable with speaking the words. There are a number of words that students are used to writing but are uncomfortable using in spoken conversation. Your speech (either it is informative or persuasive) should not have many difficult to pronounce words or words that will be awkward when you say them. Finally, another of the typical mistakes in speech writing is writing more than you have time to say or writing less than the time allotted. The best approach is to read your speech and time yourself, try to keep a steady pace but remember that many people will speak at a different pace in front of an audience than they do when reading to themselves. You may find that reading to a small audience will give you enough experience with the content to ensure that you have exactly the amount of words you need for your timeframe.

The Family Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Family - Term Paper Example Functions of family: Functions of a family arise from the basic needs of humans. Every human being requires mental peace and physical satisfaction. Performing fornication outside marriage is forbidden on religious grounds. Therefore, a man and a woman start a new family when they get married. In the capacity of being husband and wife, the two can make love and satisfy their physical needs while respecting the standards of ethics, law and religion. The couple has babies with the passage of time which enlarges the family. Now, in the capacity of being a mother and a father, the two have certain defined responsibilities towards their children. In a nuclear family, father assumes the roles of bread earner for the family, whereas the mother is supposed to spend that money wisely for the wellbeing of the family. The children, in turn, have to respect their parents. As parents, people dedicate themselves to their children. Children give a meaning and purpose to the life of parents. They all live together as a family and their interests, objectives and everything in life is shared. Problems of family: In the contemporary age, families are facing a lot of problems. Some of the common problems of families are discussed below: 1. Unemployment: In the present age of economic recession, unemployment has become one of the biggest problems specially for people who are responsible to earn for the whole family. Unemployment makes one feel worthless and hurts one emotionally (Grace). Not only does it deprive the individual of the ability to meet the physiological needs, but also, it puts one into psychological distress. One can not pay for the health care, education and general wellbeing of the children. Quite often, unemployment becomes the fundamental cause of tension between the husband and wife and the two, may develop conflicts leading to divorce. 2. Dual working parents: In order to bear the increased cost of living in the contemporary age, in a vast majority of cases, bot h husband and wife need to work and earn. In the dual working parent families, parents mostly do not find sufficient time for proper nurturing and upbringing of their children. Children require time and attention from their parents in addition to their everyday needs related to money. Dual working parents have to remain away from their children for most part of the day, and the children may feel neglected. This can have, and often does have, very severe consequences. In the lack of parental supervision, children do not concentrate upon their studies, spend time with spoiled children, and may be exposed to violence. On the other hand, the parents are no less in trouble. After the whole day of work, parents need to relax, but they can hardly ever manage to with innumerable issues of children waiting to greet them as they appear on the gate of the home. 3. Childlessness: Many couples who start the families are suffering from childlessness. Childlessness is a problem that can be attribu ted to infertility of male, female or both. Also, some women get married too late to be medically fit to give birth to a child. Other families may not be suffering from childlessness, but they may have abnormalities in children which is no less distressful. Children are very important. Childlessness becomes a source of embarrassment for the couple and is a great blow to them (Rosenblatt and Hillabrant). Sometimes childlessness becom

Adolescence and the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adolescence and the Internet - Essay Example This use of the Internet has created interest in researchers. Studies on the impact of the Internet on the welfare and development of adolescents have resulted. The focus of these studies has been on the manner of use by the adolescents and the potential risk of exposure to anonymous communication, from within or outside the adolescent group. The findings of these studies have raised concerns over the negative impact of the use of the Internet. This article by Elisheva F. Gross attempts to negate these concerns. It focuses on the positive aspects of the adolescent use of the Internet. Additional topics explored are motives for use of the Internet, actual online behavior and strategies for the prevention of online dating. The article by Elisheva outlines the three propositions that were the result of earlier studies. These are that gender predicts usage; the Internet may lead to social isolation and depression and the tendency to use anonymous identities by adolescents. She attempts a comparison of these propositions with the findings of her research into the online behavior of adolescents. The main thrust of the argument of Elisheva against these propositions is that they are based on particular empirical studies or case-based questions. Such methodologies lead to biased and inaccurate research findings. In support of her contention, she uses more focused and specific research. She further argues that the spread of the Internet provides enhanced scope for communication. Evidence from her research leads Elisheva to conclude that there is no corroboration of the earlier findings. Thus her research causes her to refute the earlier findings and instead suggests that there is a similarity in use of the Internet irrespective of gender.  

Lizard by Dennis Covington Essay Example for Free

Lizard by Dennis Covington Essay Dennis Covington is an American writer of fiction whose stories give a realistic version of the world through the lives of the fictitious characters. He did his education in fiction writing and got BA degree from the University of Virginia. He married second time to Vicki Covington in 1977 and also taught at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. (Alabama Center for the Book and Auburn University, 2008) Lizard is his commendable story of a deformed young teenage boy, Lucius Sims, whose deformity gets him a nickname Lizard. The whole story revolves around this boy, his anguish as he is abused and laughed at by other children and even though not mentally retarded yet is admitted in the asylum of mentally retarded children. Lucius Sims has a disfigured face and looks completely different from others and similar to a reptile. This makes him an object of ridicule and insults. He is often insulted and called â€Å"Turd Head† (Covington, 1991, p. 10) by the boys, and nurse refers him as â€Å"that boy with squashed head† (Covington, 1991, p. 28). He is also admitted in Leesville State School for mentally handicapped boys by a woman named Miss Colley with whom he was staying. From this place onwards his troubles and problems actually start. There is no sign or even evidence of his being mentally handicapped still he is forced to stay with these children which prove nothing less than a torture for him. His sending him off to the school of mental retarded children is just a means to get rid of him, so that Miss Colley could marry without having to face burden of taking care of him. Lucius is burdened of having to face not only these children but also adults so he decides to escape. Soon he gets an opportunity when he is helped by a young actress and an actor to flee from school. He takes this chance to escape into the new profound freedom. They take him into the acting company where he plays a role of Caliban in one of the organized Shakespeare’s play The Tempest. In course of his journey, he comes across range of people- orphaned brother and sister whom he finds staying in a dirty swamp, a museum curator, a black artist, and finally again Miss Cooley whom he finds to be his own mother. On this journey he has to face many situations and circumstances which are both tragic as well as comic like interstate chase, acting debut, unreciprocated love, his acting career and many more adventures. â€Å"While performing in the play, Lizard becomes a specifically American Caliban who finds through the culturally-authoritative voice of Shakespeare, language to speak the trauma of self and nation crystallized by the extreme political history of 1963. † (Hateley, 2009, p. 158) Plot moves very slowly in the beginning but becomes more mesmerizing as it moves forward. Whole text appears to be very loosely connected with again plot appearing to be like turning here and there and twisting. In some places, rough language has also been used which has very little or no relevance to the plot. Many people have been described in the book that gives a nice view about the present society as a whole and the difficulties it faces. It is a self narrative with an autobiographical touch as this whole story has been told by Lizard himself and from his perspective. Through this story, we could not stop but admire him for the way he shows courage and strength in dealing with the circumstances and the people around him. All other characters are also very intriguing allowing us to have a good grasp of the society and its ways. Lizard is Covington’s first work of fiction as he produced originality while espousing the social themes and the worldly affairs with great dexterity and as a keen watcher. This novel is more recommended for young aged between 14 to 16 who should adopt the attitude of love and tolerance towards these â€Å"other† unconventional children. It is also a novel of hope and optimism as in this odd world, a body with disfigured face wants to make his place. Through the eyes of this young boy nicknamed Lizard, writer allows us to show great wisdom, and love for all. It is also a way to remove the undaunted fear of adolescence. While reading the novel, it appears writer has achieved what he wanted with no doubt through the confused, tormented and on some occasions violent while other funny escapades of main the protagonist Lizard. Reference List Alabama Center for the Book and Auburn University. (2008). Dennis Covington. Retrieved on May 2, 2010 from W. W. W: http://www. alabamaliterarymap. org/author. cfm? AuthorID=134 Covington, D. (1991). Lizard. New York, N. Y: Bantam Doubleday Dell. Hateley, E. (2009) Shakespeare in childrens literature: gender and cultural capital. New York, NY: Routledge. Perantoni, C. (2003) First One I and Then the Other, in Reimagining Shakespeare for children and young adults edited by Naomi J. Miller. New York, NY: Routledge. Polette, N. Ebbesmeyer, J. (2002). Literature lures: using picture books and novels to motivate middle school readers. Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited. Ward, M. (2006). Voices from the Margins: An Annotated Bibliography of Fiction of Disabilities and Differences for Young People. IAP.

Optometric World: Smart People, Smart Phones, Smart Contacts? Essay

Throughout the years movies have implemented technology that has never been seen before to create a futuristic setting. Throughout the Terminator movies, viewers see data overlaid the main character’s world through contact lenses. At the time when Terminator was released, this was not possible through contemporary technology, but now scientists at the University of Washington are on the way to getting the perfect smart contacts. Eyes are truly an extension of the brain and receive the information which the brain sees and integrates. When any form of contact lenses is placed on the eye the brain is capable of receiving information with clarity, while the contact lenses provide benefits to the eyeball. With the smart contacts that are in the process, scientists consider the potential benefits and drawbacks while trying to keep optometry connected to the technology world. In the optometric world, eyes are the receiver of information your brain is what integrates it and chooses what is pertinent to an individual. Each eye sees everything all the time, the brain chooses to ignore information; for example, eyes always see your nose but your brain never chooses to register that information because the nose always remains in the same location. All vision is based on the light and how it is reflected off an object and into the eye. Light enters the cornea which bends or refracts it to enter the pupil (see Figure 1 in Appendix A). The iris is like a camera lens and it determines how much light enters the eye thus making he pupil bigger or smaller (AOA.org). After light goes through the pupil, it passes through the lens, which will bend and refract the light further to â€Å"focus [the rays] on the retina at the back of the eye† (AOA.o... ....p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2014. . "How Contact Lenses Work." CooperVision. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2014. . "How Your Eyes Work." How Your Eyes Work. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2014. . "The Human Eye: A Diagram." - FamilyConnect: For Parents of Children Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2014. . â€Å"Self-Assembled Single-Crystal Silicon Circuits on Plastic,† by Sean A. Stauth and Babak A. Parviz, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 19 September 2006. Web. 05 April 2014. .

Human Environment Interaction Ccot Essay

-Much land is deforested and disrupted as diamond and silver mining emerges. -New crops from Americas causes India’s population to rise almost double in size. -Columbian Exchange brings new crops to this region, allowing for the farmers of the region to exploit more of their land for extra crops. -American crops such as potatoes and corn increases population of the region. -Traders of the region utilize the monsoon winds in order to navigate across the Indian Ocean. -Silver mining causes deforestation and erosion. -Slaves in the region are used to harvest and plant crops for agriculture. -Coastlines are leveled in order to increase trade over the seas. -Deforestation occurs in large areas in order to make space for sugar crops. -Few ports and small passageways allowed for many pirate raids on trading ships. -Animals brought to the region from Americas bring diseases that affect life expectancy and population growth. -Pollution increases around the ports along the Red Sea. -European explorers utilize ocean currents and trade winds to move between the region and the Americas. -To prepare for the construction of Versailles, deforestation is practiced. -New crops from the New World are grown and harvested. -Large-scale silver mining occurs which causes deforestation. -Cattle and other domesticated animals from other regions cause destruction of pastures by overgrazing. -Horses and other imported animals affect the lifestyles of many indigenous peoples. A. Silver mining occurs on a larger scale. B. New crops are planted and harvested in all regions of the world. C. New animals are introduced to various regions which cause new diseases to appear. Deforestation continues to occur to provide new space for development. Iron is still mined and utilized. Ocean winds and currents are used to move between continents via sea. -Traders of SE Asia used the monsoon winds to explore and trade. -Crops imported from various regions of the world made up a large portion of agricultural production in the region. -Deforestation for large-scale agricultural production was carried out. A. Increased diamond and silver mining led to deforestation, soil poisoning, and erosion. The soil mining was increased because it allowed for the regions at the time to gain wealth easily. B. New crops were introduced to different regions of the world due to the Columbian Exchange. It was important because it allowed for more agricultural production and less starvation around the world. C. New animals that are introduced by the Columbian Exchange alter the lives of people around the world. These new animals are utilized for more efficient manual labor and leads to a more abundant agricultural yield as well as more wealth in certain regions. 1. Deforestation was continued because new land was always required for further development in many regions. The deforestation allowed regions to expand their space for agriculture and mining although it destroyed the home of many plants and animals. 2. The use of iron never diminished because it is a key component for tool making, weapon making and warfare. The mining and use of iron was very popular because it was abundant and very durable. 3. The use of ocean winds and currents continued to be used in overseas travel as it allowed for traders and travelers to move around more efficiently. The use of these winds and currents allowed for more wealth to be accumulated as trade continued.

Colonialism and Post Colonial Ethnic Conflict in East...

From the end of the nineteenth century until the attainment of independence in the early 1960s, the countries of East Africa were under the colonial administration of European empires. After decades of foreign rule which saw unparalleled transformations within society, the post-colonial states that emerged have been blighted by ethnic conflict. It has been argued that the beliefs of British, Belgian and German administrators led them to completely reorganise the societies they governed based on a fictitious ‘tribal’ model, and in the process they invented ethnicity. There is a great deal of debate on this matter, though, and its continued relevance to contemporary politics only makes it more vigorous. Before we go on to analyse to what†¦show more content†¦As Curtis Keim has pointed out, though, for Africans it is most often used in a very similar way to that in which Europeans use ‘ethnic group’. Therefore, when we use ‘ethnicity’ thi s will be, for some people, synonymous with ‘tribe’; however, it is best to avoid the latter and any accompanying connotations of primitivism and backwardness, so that it is clear along what lines we are talking. Carola Lentz may well have described ‘ethnicity’ as the ‘joker card’, a word that can be introduced at any stage in the game, replacing potentially more ‘problematic’ phrases and assuming the characteristics we require of it, but its introduction is made with the best intentions; in order that we may see ethnicity as a broad and evolving concept that can indeed mean many things simultaneously. Sir Donald Cameron began his post as the British governor of Tanganyika in early 1925. Charged with organising the colony’s administration, he made the following statement in July that year: ‘It is our duty to do everything in our power to develop the native on lines which will not westernise him... We must not destroy.. . the African atmosphere, the African mind, the whole foundation of his race, and we shall certainly do this if we sweep away all his tribal organisations.’ Cameron’s views undoubtedly reflected those of much of the British colonial administration in East Africa,Show MoreRelatedColonialism And Its Impact On Africa1206 Words   |  5 PagesColonialism is the establishment of the political and economic control of one state over another state. This establishment had one of the biggest impacts on Africa. This experience of colonialism began to take effect between the 1400s and 1800s. It started when the Europeans arrived to Africa and set up trading posts. In the late 1800s and early 1900s the increase of European power took over most of the continent. 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This horrible marginalization of the country’s population provided a strong foundation that ultimately shaped the country’s future conflicts; a commonality that is shared with many other